What Happens to RSUs and ESPPs If You're Laid Off

If you’re laid off while holding unvested RSUs or mid-cycle ESPP contributions, here’s the short version: unvested equity is almost always forfeited the moment employment ends, on a different — and usually shorter — clock than the 60-day window USCIS gives H1B holders to find a new sponsor or change status. Both timelines matter, and they run completely independently of each other.

What happens to each type of equity

Vested RSUs that have already settled into shares are yours no matter why you left. No grace period or notice requirement changes that. They’re sitting in your brokerage account and they stay there.

Unvested RSUs are typically forfeited and returned to the company’s equity pool as of your termination date, with no tax consequence, since you never recognized income on shares you never actually received. Some companies draw a line between a straightforward layoff, where the role might eventually get refilled, and a reduction in force that eliminates the position permanently — in RIF scenarios, some employers accelerate a portion of unvested equity, but that’s a matter of company policy and your specific severance agreement, not a legal entitlement. Your grant agreement and any severance paperwork are the authoritative source here, not whatever general policy HR describes verbally.

ESPP contributions depend on where you land in the offering period. If your employment ends before the next scheduled purchase date, most plans refund the payroll deductions withheld so far in your final paycheck instead of using them to buy shares. Get laid off very close to a purchase date, though, and some plans still execute the purchase — check your specific plan document rather than assuming either outcome.

Worked example: a mid-cycle layoff

An H1B software engineer is laid off on August 15. Their situation at that point:

• Vested RSUs held: 800 shares, fully theirs regardless of the layoff
• Unvested RSUs: 600 shares scheduled to vest September 30 — forfeited entirely, since employment ends before the vest date, with $0 in tax owed on the forfeited shares
• ESPP contributions: $3,200 withheld toward a purchase scheduled for December 31 — refunded in the final paycheck rather than used to buy shares, since the purchase date hasn’t arrived

The lesson sits right in the numbers: being six weeks from a vesting date doesn’t matter if employment ends first. There’s no partial credit for RSUs that were “almost” vested.

The H1B timeline that runs in parallel

Under 8 CFR 214.1(l)(2), H1B workers whose employment ends receive a discretionary grace period of up to 60 days (or until their I-94 expires, whichever comes first) to find a new H1B sponsor, change to another status, or depart the country. That grace period protects your immigration status specifically. It has no bearing on your equity grant’s forfeiture terms, which are governed entirely by your employment agreement and typically trigger on your actual last day of work, not on any immigration deadline.

In practice, two clocks start on roughly the same day for completely different purposes: your 60-day USCIS window is about staying in status, while your equity’s forfeiture has already happened on day one of that same window. Some employers count severance pay periods as extending the employment end date for benefits purposes, which can occasionally push a vesting date into the severance period — that’s plan-specific and worth confirming directly with HR or your grant documents rather than assuming either way.

Negotiating before you sign a severance agreement

Once a severance package is on the table, it’s generally your last real point of leverage. After you sign, unvested equity terms are almost always locked in. Some employees do successfully negotiate a small extension of their employment end date (which can carry a near-term vesting tranche across the line) or a cash payment tied to the value of shares that were close to vesting, especially in larger layoffs where the company would rather avoid disputes. None of this is guaranteed, and it depends heavily on your role, tenure, and the company’s specific layoff terms — but it’s worth raising before signing, since a signed severance agreement typically closes the door on any further equity discussion. If a new offer with another sponsor seems likely, weigh whether pushing for a longer negotiation window is worth delaying the job search, since the 60-day immigration clock doesn’t pause while severance terms get worked out.

What to check immediately after a layoff notice

1. Your actual termination date, as defined in your grant agreement — not your last physical day in the office, which severance terms can sometimes extend.
2. Whether any near-term vesting dates fall within a severance period that counts as continued employment for equity purposes.
3. Your ESPP plan’s specific rule for mid-cycle terminations — refund versus purchase.
4. Whether unvested equity is truly gone, or whether your severance agreement includes any negotiated acceleration — sometimes negotiable, especially in more senior roles, even though it isn’t the default.

Sources: 8 CFR § 214.1(l)(2) (H-1B grace period); general RSU/ESPP forfeiture treatment is governed by individual employer plan documents and grant agreements, not IRS rules.